Researchers Have Isolated the Genes that Made the 1918 Flu Pandemic So Deadly, and Spliced Those Genes Into Modern Flu Viruses
December 30th, 2008Via: Reuters:
Researchers have found out what made the 1918 flu pandemic so deadly — a group of three genes that lets the virus invade the lungs and cause pneumonia.
They mixed samples of the 1918 influenza strain with modern seasonal flu viruses to find the three genes and said their study might help in the development of new flu drugs.
The discovery, published in Tuesday’s issue of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, could also point to mutations that might turn ordinary flu into a dangerous pandemic strain.
Yoshihiro Kawaoka of the University of Wisconsin and colleagues at the Universities of Kobe and Tokyo in Japan used ferrets, which develop flu in ways very similar to humans.
Usually flu causes an upper respiratory infection affecting the nose and throat, as well as so-called systemic illness causing fever, muscle aches and weakness.
But some people become seriously ill and develop pneumonia. Sometimes bacteria cause the pneumonia and sometimes flu does it directly.
During pandemics, such as in 1918, a new and more dangerous flu strain emerges.
“The 1918 influenza pandemic was the most devastating outbreak of infectious disease in human history, accounting for about 50 million deaths worldwide,” Kawaoka’s team wrote.
It killed 2.5 percent of victims, compared to fewer than 1 percent during most annual flu epidemics. Autopsies showed many of the victims, often otherwise healthy young adults, died of severe pneumonia.
“We wanted to know why the 1918 flu caused severe pneumonia,” Kawaoka said in a statement.
They painstakingly substituted single genes from the 1918 virus into modern flu viruses and, one after another, they acted like garden-variety flu, infecting only the upper respiratory tract.
But a complex of three genes helped to make the virus live and reproduce deep in the lungs.
The three genes — called PA, PB1, and PB2 — along with a 1918 version of the nucleoprotein or NP gene, made modern seasonal flu kill ferrets in much the same way as the original 1918 flu, Kawaoka’s team found.
Most flu experts agree that a pandemic of influenza will almost certainly strike again. No one knows when or what strain it will be but one big suspect now is the H5N1 avian influenza virus.
H5N1 is circulating among poultry in Asia, Europe and parts of Africa. It rarely affects humans but has killed 247 of the 391 people infected since 2003.
A few mutations would make it into a pandemic strain that could kill millions globally within a few months.
Four licensed drugs can fight flu but the viruses regularly mutate into resistant forms — just as bacteria evolve into forms that evade antibiotics.
Definitely See: U.S. Researchers Trying to Create Pandemic Avian Flu
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I never used to really believe in the “Kill Off” scenarios… but this crap has changed my way of thinking.
Bird Flu will be making a big comeback… and it’ll take most by surprise – many probably will just dismiss it. I think many people have forgotten about it or written it off along with anthrax mania and the Y2K bug.
These sort of articles should be a reminder to bolster the immune system and purge ourselves of all the crap that keeps it suppressed (I say, as I sit here drinking a bottle of P@psi. Last time ever, I swear).
I’ve long been skeptical about these claims–which have been made for decades–that we are due for a recurrence of a deadly flu pandemic like the one in 1918.
The first time I remember the alarms being sounded about this was in 1976, the year a great many people died from the flu vaccine.
It seems to me the chief reason for all the alarm is the desire to promote flu vaccines–and fear of what might become of us without the medical establishment watching our backs.
I frankly do not know if the pandemic of 1918 (which, I believe, lasted more than one year) was caused by a particularly deadly mutation of the flu virus. What I do know is that the pandemic occurred just as WWI ended (in 1918).
At the end of WWI, populations all over the world had, obviously endured four years of war, which involved disruptions of supplies of necessities of all kinds, as well as destruction of infrastructure.
“Disruptions in the supply of necessities” means inadequate food, clothing, and shelter. Destruction of infrastructure means poor sanitation and possibly contaminated water supplies.
Most epidemics, from my reading on the subject, are far more closely related to these latter conditions than to the virulence of the “bug” that caused it.
This is not to say it won’t happen. We have some of the conditions for a really whopping pandemic here in the US: Poor diet with severe micronutrient starvation, and increasing poverty and homelessness.
What we don’t have (yet) is lack of sanitation and safe water supplies, widespread lack of adequate clothing and shelter, and widespread starvation in the sense of lack of macronutrients and calories.
“At the end of WWI, populations all over the world had, obviously endured four years of war, which involved disruptions of supplies of necessities of all kinds, as well as destruction of infrastructure.”
Added to this were people all over the globe moving around, ie: returning home. Best way to spread it. Remember “self-quarantine” is your friend!